“Background check” is a term that can describe a wide variety of searches looking into the history of individuals—and in some cases, entities. The most common understanding of a background check is that it searches an individual's criminal history. However, it can also include a much broader range of information. Background checks can range from instant online public-record searches to comprehensive investigations performed by licensed professionals. The type and size of companies conducting these searches vary depending on their specific needs.

Common Purposes for a Background Check

Background check companies serve different purposes and levels of detail. In addition to criminal records, a background search may include:

• Education verification
• Professional licensing
• Marriages and divorces
• Property or business ownership
• Employment and reference checks

Companies conducting these searches often specialize—for example, tenant screening, employment verification, nanny or contractor vetting, and more. A landlord’s screening might include a credit check or past lawsuit records, while an employer hiring a driver may need to verify official state driving records or employment history.

Use of Public Records in Background Checks

Public records form the foundation of most background checks. Because so many types of records are public, a thorough search can uncover extensive information and provide a detailed overview of an individual’s background.

Important facts about public records:

• Public records are not always free. While laws require certain records to be accessible, agencies often charge fees to cover processing costs.
• Not all public records are available online. Some must be requested through specific government offices.
• Agencies may require qualifications or a formal process before granting access to certain records.

In short, background checks are compilations of public-record data gathered from multiple sources, combined to help individuals and organizations make more informed decisions.